The paper surveys the uses of cryptography in Europe, looks at the technical and legal threats, and discusses the shortcomings of public policy. It appeared at the Conference on Cryptographic Policy and Algorithms, Queensland, July 1995. In it, I first pointed out that law enforcement communications intelligence was mostly about traffic analysis - finding out who was talking to whom - and criminal communications security was mostly traffic security. This was considered heretical at the time but has been confirmed since by the emergence of the prepaid mobile phone as the main threat to police communications intelligence.
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